Methods used for the long-term preservation of primordial and early-stage germ cells in fish.

Abstract

In sexually reproducing organisms, the continuous transmission of genetic data across generations is based on the biology of germ cells. High plasticity and capacity to form both gametes make Primordial Germ Cells (PGC) and Early-stage Germ Cells (eGC) (Oogonia or Spermatogonia) suitable candidates for long-term storage and retrieval of genetic data. This review examines cryopreservation techniques for these cells because of their key roles in gametogenesis. A wide range of current studies was examined in the review, from the embryonic origins of germ cells to advanced techniques used for isolation, enrichment, and cryopreservation in fish species. The development of germ-cell cryopreservation techniques has expanded our understanding of reproductive biology, opening novel possibilities for aquaculture and the preservation of genetic diversity. Enzymatic separation and enrichment methods that increase the viability and purity of isolated germ cells are important factors in the success rates of germ cell transplantation. The review also highlighted the potential of cryopreservation techniques, which offer the potential to preserve the genetic material of endangered species and improve aquaculture practices by preserving valuable genetic traits. With a comprehensive review of the existing modalities and their applications, this review highlights the contribution of germ cell studies to the fields of developmental biology, conservation, and aquaculture, emphasizing their importance for the sustainable management of biological resources and the conservation of biodiversity.